Explain and evaluate claims made by linguistic relativists regarding the relationship between language, thought and culture free essay sample

The connection between language, culture and thought has been a disputable conversation over decades. Numerous etymologists and scholars have contended that language lead to enormous contrasts in culture and musings. Some contend that language controls people’s view and thought of the world, where language encapsulates perspective, and some contend the something else. Language, culture and thought may consistently allude as together, however any of them infers the other two. In this paper, I am going to concentrate on etymological relativism and I will assess claims made by semantic relativists. Semantic relativism is a more vulnerable translation of phonetic determinism. It is â€Å"a window through which to see the subjective procedure, not as a flat out. It’s set out to be utilized in taking a gander at a wonder uniquely in contrast to one generally would. † (Badhesha, 2001) Linguistic order and utilization impact thought and particular sorts of non-phonetic conduct. Phonetic relativity speculation has consistently been a questionable and genuine subject. In late-eighteenth and mid nineteenth century, Boas guaranteed that there’s no inborn connection among culture and language. (Boas, 1911) Acquainted with Boas, Edward Sapir was dazzled with Boas’ proclamation. Afterward, he proposed a hypothesis which turns into the most renowned endeavor in showing connection between language, culture and contemplations, â€Å"Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis† (Whorfian Hypothesis). The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis can be broken into two straightforward ideas: Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativism. Etymological determinism holds a more grounded see. It alludes to â€Å"the idea that what is said has just some impact on how ideas are perceived by the mind†, â€Å"A severe view that what is said is legitimately liable for what is seen by the psyche. † (Badhesha, 2002) This more grounded point is upheld by Sapir. Sapir: â€Å"language and culture are not inherently associated† however â€Å"language and our idea grooves are inseparably interlaced, [and] are, as it were, one and the same† (1921: 228, 232) Sapir accepts that language and culture are not unequivocally related yet language, culture and musings are entwined that can't be unwoven one another. Sapir likewise communicated his view that language influences how we see the world, â€Å"Even nearly basic demonstrations of discernment are a lot of additional helpless before the social examples called words than we may assume. †¦ We see and hear and in any case experience to a great extent as we do in light of the fact that the language propensities for our locale incline certain decisions of translation. † (1929, p. 210) Sapir here clarified that language decides our considerations and culture, it influences our perspectives on the world and culture is a result of language. Sapir’s understudy, Benjamin Lee Whorf upheld and made his hypothesis more grounded. Whorf’s claims are both to the extraordinary, most grounded however to the more fragile and progressively mindful simultaneously. The extraordinary point of view is etymological determinism, where the more vulnerable is phonetic relativism. Actually, etymological relativism is generally spread through Whorf’s work. Whorf: â€Å"The foundation semantic arrangement of every language isn't only a replicating instrument for voicing thoughts yet rather is itself the shaper of thoughts. † (1940, â€Å"Science and Linguistics,† Technology Review 42: 229-31, 247-8) In this statement, Whorf proposed the more grounded structure where language decides thought, language shapes our thoughts. â€Å"The world is introduced in a vivid transition of impressions which must be sorted out to a great extent by the semantic frameworks in our psyches. † (Whorf, 1940a:231) This is a more vulnerable structure where Whorf contend that the world is by one way or another affected by our etymological frameworks. Both in more grounded and more vulnerable structure, Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis contend that our considerations, thoughts, conduct and culture are affected by language. This theory is upheld with proof. View of hues is one of the undeniable proof that help language impacts our contemplations. Various dialects has their approach to encode and arrange hues, in English, there are sixteen fundamental hues and regular two shading terms â€Å"dark† and â€Å"light†. In any case, Russian has various words to recognize light blue (boluboy) and dull blue (siniy). At the point when Russian and English speakers are put to a test to separate the two blue hues, Russian is seen as better at it. As Russian see the two blue hues as various hues not at all like English speakers who sort it as blue for the most part. In both English and Chinese, when giving bearings verbally, we will in general use â€Å"left† and â€Å"right† rather than E/W/S/N, this is likewise evident in numerous different dialects. Be that as it may, Kuuk Thaayorra (native language spoken in Queensland, Australia), they use E/W/S/N to speak to â€Å"left† and â€Å"right†, e. g. at the point when they allude to right hand, they may state east hand. Their view of the world contrasts from us because of the utilization of course terms. To them, the world needs to incorporate exact directions. This is a case of impression of room which show language influences our discernments and contemplations. Syntactic component is another evidence of language influences our way of life. Whorf attests that â€Å"users of notably various punctuations are pointed by their sentence structure towards various sorts of observations†¦ and thus are not proportionate as onlookers but rather should show up at fairly various perspectives on the world† (Whorf 1940b:61) Whorf recommended that speakers of various dialects will consider the world in an unexpected way. Hopi language (native language spoken in Arizona) is early proof to Whorfian Hypothesis on language and thought. In Hopi language framework, they don’t have tenses, for example, â€ed, - ing, - s in SAE [1], they have alternate point of view of time from SAE speakers. Additionally, in Hopi, the idea of time can't be checked and talked like a physical amount. Language additionally influences and mirrors our way of life and qualities. In Hong Kong, we allude to family members in various terms, not just â€Å"aunt/uncle†, â€Å"cousins† not at all like English. For instance, we have various terms for cousins that are more seasoned and more youthful than us, e. g. â€Å"biu-gor† (more seasoned male cousin), â€Å"biu-mui† (more youthful female cousin). It mirrors the chain of importance and ventures the significance of regarding senior in Chinese family. We can see that Chinese family, remembering families for Hong Kong separates and distinguishes its individuals. For Chinese individuals, they see seniors as individuals to regard. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is the possibility that the language that individual talks will influence their view of the world and as needs be their conduct and culture. In more grounded structure, language decides the manner in which we think and what we are able to consider where phonetic relativity; the more fragile structure demonstrates that our musings and culture are affected by language. In spite of the fact that there are increasingly logical and genuine models that help Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, anthropologists etymologists despite everything contends climate the theory is excessively solid or not today. Many contend that rather than language deciding our musings and culture, they are in reality between related and none of them ought to be commanding the other two. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has gotten analysis throughout the years, and it summarized to be three principle reactions, the possibility of causality, the strategies and interpretations. While Whorf and Sapir guaranteed that language influences our view of the world and the arrangement of our societies. Them two didn’t incorporate the development of language, what made up our language, the social qualities that may have been incorporated while setting language framework. It is conceivable that social qualities that may have created language helped the manner in which we see the world. Humboldt (late eighteenth century) additionally addressed Sapir-Whorf’s speculation, â€Å"The profound qualities and the structure of the language of a people are so personally mixed that, given both of the two, one ought to have the option to get the other from it†¦ language is their soul, and their soul is their language; it is hard to envision any two things progressively indistinguishable. † He additionally scrutinized the causality of such speculation. Regardless of whether if language is the soul of considerations and culture or the something else. He asserts that it is questionable which one ought to be infers and to be the soul of the others. Another undeniable analysis is the strategies Whorf’s techniques. Some accepted that Whorf purposely interpreted Hopi language with a particular goal in mind to help his own speculation, to accentuation another reasoning framework. Language specialists, Steven Pinker denounced Whorf’s strategy with solid disposition, â€Å"No one is extremely certain how Whorf thought of his amazing cases, yet his constrained, severely broke down example of Hopi discourse and his drawn out leanings towards otherworldliness more likely than not made a difference. † (Pinker, 1994) He additionally toppled Whorf’s guarantee of Hopi individuals has distinctive impression of time as â€Å"anthropologist Malotki (1983) has discovered that the Hopi do have an idea of time fundamentally the same as our own. † (Neil Parr-Davies, 2001) Translation is another analysis of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Numerous pundits brought up the issue, in the event that our musings are truly influenced and dictated by language, at that point apparently certain ideas would just be reasonable to individuals that common a similar language. That proposed that if the speculation is completely evident, Whorf would have been neglected to comprehend Hopi people’s idea, obviously even to comprehend their first idea. Despite the fact that reactions are raised against Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, there are more proof and claims that help it even in present day days. Truth be told, psycholinguistic have been s

Smith Systems Consulting

The task for week two is to consider three virtual associations, pick one, and expound on a data framework that is basic to that organization’s business forms. The picked association for this paper is Smith Systems Consulting (SSC). SSC Inc. is an innovation driven organization that offers administrations assembling and looking after databases, structuring and facilitating sites, and a wide range of programming. This makes SSC the ideal association to concentrate on the grounds that their whole business centers around some part of data frameworks. This paper, be that as it may, will concentrate on how significant PCs are to SSC Inc. To see how data frameworks influence SSC, it is important to initially see exactly what a data framework is. A data framework can be depicted as â€Å"any mix of data innovation and individuals' exercises utilizing that innovation to help activities, the executives, and choice making† (Wikipedia, 2010). Jon Jensen, teacher for the Business Systems in the IT division at University of Phoenix in Taylorsville, Utah, instructs that data frameworks are things that â€Å"collect, store, examine and spread data for a particular reason. A data framework incorporates sources of info and yields. By both of these two definitions, a PC is without a doubt an informtion framework. A PC really contains littler classes of data frameworks like a processor, hard drive, and console, however with the end goal of this paper they will be joined as a solitary thing. The concentrate at that point turns out to be the manner by which PCs are basic to the business procedures of SSC Inc. A business procedure can be characterized as â€Å"a assortment of related, organized exercises or undertakings that produce a particular help or item (serve a specific objective) for a specific client or customers† (Wikipedia, 2010). There are three sorts of business forms. 1. The board Process: This is similarly as it sounds. Procedures engaged with the administration and oversight of the business. 2. Operational Process: This is the â€Å"what† of the business. What the business does, makes, sells, appropriates, or the administration it gives. 3. Bolster Process: These procedures are there to help the â€Å"what† of the business. Things like finance and bookkeeping, stock and gracefully, call focuses and technical support. The executives Process-Since its establishing in 1984, SSC Inc. has developed from a private venture of five individuals to a multimillion dollar undertaking utilizing in excess of 350 individuals. A business won’t develop to arrive at these numbers without incredible vision and authority. PCs no uncertainty played and keep on playing a significant move in SSC’s the executives forms. Programming programs ran on PCs help visionary pioneers forcast and track the accomplishment of their thoughts. Utilizing PCs, they can look at consequences of comparable thoughts in comparative markets. The mechanization made conceivable by PCs removes a great part of the dull work engaged with directing such a significant number of individuals and makes it feasible for less individuals to oversee more. Chiefs can follow measurements and quantities of their deals and creation powers. PCs and programming assist them with discovering regions of progress and approaches to smooth out so as to reduce expenses in increment income. Obviously the board has had the option to do these things for a considerable length of time, yet with the assistance of PCs, they can do them a lot quicker, with less danger of human mistake, and without needint to recruit secerataries or colleagues to help with such a huge remaining task at hand. Operational Process-SSC Inc. is an organization who has practical experience in innovation related administrations. Without PCs, SSC would not have the option to offer any of the administrations they give. They offer administrations, for example, PC programs that will permit different organizations to utilize PCs to all the more effictively deal with their own work force in similar manners talked about in the administration procedure praragraph. They offer administrations, for example, database creation and database the executives; the two of which are data frameworks, and would not exist without PCs. SSC offers online administrations, for example, website composition and webpage facilitating. Once more, there would be no web and no sites to structure without PCs, and SSC would not have the option to have destinations for their customers without a PC to go about as the server. With all the things PCs can accomplish for a business, they would be futile without the prepared work force to work them and guarantee that they play out the capacities that they are intended to do. In this manner, individuals become a significant piece of any data framework and it is important that SSC utilize qualified IT experts. Without these gifted specialists, SSC would make some troublesome memories offering a large number of their administrations. Bolster Process-In an organization as huge and unpredictable as SSC Inc. has become, there is an expanded requirement for quality help. As characterized above, support incorporates regions, for example, HR, bookkeeping and finance, stock and gracefully, and call focuses and technical support. Stock and flexibly aren’t as basic to SSC’s plan of action as bookkeeping and technical support. Envision tyrying to monitor the funds for a $45 million organization physically; transcribed solicitations, all the opportunities for human blunder that might cost a great many dollars. Think about the worker hours engaged with computing finance for 300 or more representatives consistently, and again the edge for human mistake. PCs make it feasible for just a couple of individuals to deal with these huge assignments in less time than it would take various individuals to do it physically and with significantly less hazard for human blunder. Technical support and call focuses are important to a plan of action, for example, that of SSC Inc. They are offering specialized types of assistance to customers that may not be technically knowledgeable. There should be an approach to guarantee that these customers can utilize the items and administrations that they are buying in to. In the event that SSC isn’t ready to offer help for these clients, they will take their business somewhere else. PCs and prepared staff are important for these kinds of administrations. A prepared professional might have the option to remotely get to a customer PC and right issues or walk the client through how to utilize a product program that they bought. PCs at SSC can defeat calls to accessible client care faculty sparing hold time and keeping clients upbeat. SSC can store client information and history in a database and access this data later to hitter administration their clients. As this paper has appeared, PCs are a data framework that is a fundamental piece of the business proccesses at Smith Systems Consulting. They are utilized in for all intents and purposes each part of their everyday activities from the board and tasks to their help forms. As the world turns out to be increasingly specialized, and organizations and correspondence become worldwide, it is even more critical to coordinate the utilization of data frameworks into business forms. On the off chance that incapable to do as such, an organization like SSC Inc. would before long become out of date. Nonetheless, SSC has the knowledge to see where the worldwide economy is going and has built up a business that utilizes informations frameworks to take into account the necessities of an undeniably specialized society. This knowledge has brought them incredible achievement and made them an innovator in the realm of data innovation. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process

30 Brilliant Networking Conversation Starters

30 Brilliant Networking Conversation Starters Networking events are great but not for everyone. You may have been excited at the thought of attending one, only to find yourself standing awkwardly alone when everyone else is talking to someone. Or probably you skipped the event because you are not a good conversationalist.Don’t worry though, this article will help you curb your fears by showing you how to approach a stranger and start a conversation.Below are 30 brilliant networking conversation starters that will help you deal with the situation. Just use one that sounds or feels appropriate and off you go. Remember to loosen up a bit and don’t be too formal. Keep the conversation simple since you are just building a connection.1. “That’s a nice suit you are wearing. Where did you get it from?”Compliments always work well. And the best part? They shift the attention from you to the other person. This is very helpful if you are feeling anxious about starting a conversation. From the response you get, it will then be a l ot easier to keep the conversation going.2. “Hi, I’m Ryan and I [What you do].”Say this with an outstretched arm as a way of inviting the person into a conversation. Always remember to have a smile on your face and make eye contact. In shaking their hand, make it firm but brief.This opening line is short and on point, making it clear that you want to get into a conversation. Pick on what the other person tells you and drive the conversation further. Do not overthink it. You can simply ask what their career is like, what a typical day for him is like etc.3. “Do you have any networking tips for an introvert?”If you are an introvert and struggle even with the thought of approaching a stranger, this one is for you. Just pose as an introvert who is seeking some help. Don’t worry about what the person might think. Focus on your goalâ€"to start a conversation. If asked, readily acknowledge that you are an introvert.In case the person shows sympathy for introverts, take the oppo rtunity to talk about the strengths of being an introvert. This will quickly open up the space for a great conversation. You can also gently steer the conversation back to them by asking their personality, especially now that they know yours.4. “What do you like most about this event so far?”Ask anyone this question and they will likely give you several sentences as a response. If they give you one of those short ones, just ask them what it is they like about what they mentioned. This gives them a chance to explain their thoughts and helps you have something to respond to.Still, if the response is short, you can also tell them what you liked and ask them whether they noticed it. For example, you could say, “I liked the subtle humor which the speaker used in his speech. Did you notice it?” Proceed to give examples of the humorous statements you noticed.5. “Hi, do you work at [a certain company]?”You don’t have to have seen them at that company in order to ask this quest ion. You are simply starting a conversation. With a high probability of getting a “No” for an answer, just tell them they looked like someone working for that company.For this to be received well, use a company that has a good reputation or is highly successful. For example, you could respond by saying, “you appear to me like someone who could be a strategist in a big company.” You can then proceed to ask them where they work and pick up from there.6. “How did you hear about this event?”This is a classic one which can never fade. No single event is advertised through only one media channel. It may have been on social media, on TV or just a friend mentioning it. Prepare an interesting response as to how you heard about it but don’t struggle to be funny.You could for example say, “I heard someone invite his friend over the phone and since he sounded excited, I extended the invitation to myself.” Alternatively, mention any of the ways through which the event was adver tized.7. “Have you been here before?”Approach someone with this question and if they say a plain “No,” just add something like “Neither have I, but I find it to be a great place to hold an event.” You can then describe one of the things you have noticed about the building or the event’s setup. This will prompt the other person to respond with something they have noticed themselves.8. “It’s so crowded in here. There must be a million people in this room.”Obviously, there can’t be a million people in the room but the idea gets home anyway. This will move the other person see things from your perspective. In so doing, you will have attracted him to your line of thought. You can then continue with “I can barely move with ease.”Ensure that the place is quite filled with people so that you don’t come across as someone making an out-of-place comment just to start a conversation.9. “That was quite a speech. What is the one thing you got out of it?”If the inte raction session starts after a keynote speech, use it to start a conversation. There will most likely be more than one thing someone picked as important to him. Listen to him and agree with him on its importance then share something you found valuable.If you noticed anything outside the main speech that stood out for you, like the amount of research the speaker quoted, you can also raise it for discussion. Just focus on the positive and don’t talk about anything negative, unless it was so obvious that everyone noticed it.10. “I love the salad. Have you tried it?”Comments about food will always start a good conversation. This is because people will either describe things differently from you or expound on your simple comment. They might even tell you about a recipe they use to make something similar or a restaurant they know which makes it well.All these are hints you can follow to keep the conversation going and soon enough, you will be talking about anything.11. “How often do you attend networking events?”This question implies that you have something you want to say about the event you are attending but would rather hear the other person’s thoughts first. Depending on the kind of person they are, they may respond cautiously awaiting to hear what you have to say.You can tell them whether you have attended any or that is your first one. Still, for the expectation you have built, make an observation that will start a conversation. You could say “This is my first one and I am quite amazed at how people are engaging with one another.” 12. “Was it easy for you to find this place?”If you had a challenge finding the venue, probably because you are new in the area, you can use your experience to get a conversation started. By posing the question, you give them an opportunity to tell you their experience first. If there was traffic, then they have a story, even if a short one, to share with you.In case they got there easily, then share your experien ce of how you had to drive several streets past the venue and even made some wrong turns while searching for the place. You can finish your story by commenting on the state of traffic in general and how much productivity is lost in traffic.Since everyone experiences traffic, this is a common subject around which to start a conversation.13. “Have you been at the exhibition stands?”If the event features exhibitions for businesses to showcase their products, you can use that to start the conversation. If they haven’t, you can invite them to accompany you as you head there. If they have, ask them which products stood out for them.If the conversation continues well, keep going with it. If asked whether you are still interested in checking out the exhibition, you can tell them you have already gotten enough information from them. Alternatively, you can mention that the time you spent talking bore much fruit that you don’t mind not going there anyway.14. “Hi, I see that you work at [company where they work]. What is it like working there?”For this to work, you must have knowledge of where they work. If the person is wearing a name tag and you managed to see the name of the company, then this is a good starting point. As they talk, show genuine interest and ask questions to prompt them to tell you more.You can interject with questions which express more interest or comments which show you have had a similar experience as the one they are talking about.15. “Wow, the food looks goodI’m not sure what to have. What will you have?”The line at the buffet table is another great place to have a conversation going. Instead of lining up for food silent, ask this question to invite the person in front of you into a conversation. He is likely to agree with you on the food and probably offer some suggestions based on what he has decided to have.Still, he may not have decided on what to have thus creating room for an open conversation. It will be easier to continu e with the conversation once you have helped each other decide on what to eat.16. “Did you catch the game last night?”Talking sports is another sure way of starting a conversation. This works well especially if you are a fan, otherwise you could end up with little to share. The same situation can also occur if the other person isn’t a fan of the sport you are referring to. That is not to mean you cannot still have a conversation.Ask them about what sport they love. If they are not fans of any sport, then find out what fun activities they engage in. You will get something from their response on which to build a conversation.17. “This is such a great venue for a networking event. Have you been here before?”The environment in which you are provides many ideas for starting a conversation. You can pick on any of the features of the building or its environment and talk about it. If the room is big and well planned for all kinds of services, then talk about it.You can also mentio n other venues you have been to which compare well to the one you are in.18. “You guys seem to be having a good time. Do you mind if I joined you?”This will help you join a group of people who are talking together. Despite having a hard time starting a conversation, this offers you a chance to join a conversation which is already going on. Moreover, with three or more people, there is less attention going to one individual, offering safety for you.This will probably be the best way for you to develop the much-needed confidence. The group interaction will be easy on you as there will be several people speaking. You can easily give approvals for what has been said or add something small or ask a follow up question to keep the conversation going.19. “So, what do you do?”Since networking is all about connecting with other people, this is a direct approach that will keep things rolling along the real purpose of the event. Going straight into business, you will build a connection knowing the industry the other person works in. From here, you will know how you can add value to each other.Watch this video and learn how to answer this question if someone poses it to you. The last thing you want to do is attend a networking event unprepared. 20. “Hi, are you a [the profession you think they are in]?”This starts as a compliment and goes straight into business. The only thing you need to do is ensure you start off well. Do not exaggerate or use informal language which the person may not understand. To get a clue of what they may be doing, check their dressing.Although some events may indirectly dictate the dressing if they are held in certain places, someone’s attire can offer a hint about his profession or lifestyle. Their conduct can also give you ideas. For example, people in the art industry usually sport casual styles as opposed to those who work in offices.Similarly, people working in the sales and PR departments tend to be more outgoing than others. B eing correct is however not the most important thing here. Starting a conversation is.21. “Did you attend last year’s event?”Approaching someone with this question tells them there is a comparison you are about to make and they will be open to hear it. In case you were not at the event, just tell them you wanted to know how it was considering how good the current one is.In case you were present, mention some positive things that featured in last year’s event and be open to their questions and thoughts.22. “What are the three tips you would give an entrepreneur on business strategy?”You can twist this question so that it lines up with the subject discussed by the speaker. This provides a common ground on which both of you can freely interact and exchange thoughts.23. “Can I get you another drink?”Of course this will only work if the person you are approaching has an empty or nearly-empty glass. You can then get them another drink from the bar. If the venue has attenda nts serving the attendees, you can signal one of them for the order.You can continue to mention how you like the wine being served. As long as the conversation is started, there will be much more to talk about.24. “Hi, can I borrow your pen?”If you have your diary with you, you can borrow a pen and scribble something in it. Though not everyone may be walking around with a pen, you can safely assume that anyone with a notebook or diary possibly has one.If the person you approached doesn’t have one, you can approach someone else and pick a conversation with them. The ice is already broken and the conversation can flow.25. “I bet you are as excited about this event as I am.”Before making this statement, make sure you are excited. And more so, it has to be evident on your face. This will show the sincerity of your conversation starter. In your excitement, have two or three items ready to point out that make the event exciting.Being a social event, despite any formal dressing a nd setup, the other person will respond accordingly and share what they think of the event.26. “Do you mind if I joined you?”If you spot someone seated or standing somewhere alone, approach them and request to join their company. They will most likely appreciate your interest. If the place they are is quieter than the rest of the room, mention it as something you would like to enjoy. Proceed to ask whether they are enjoying the same thing.27. “I knew I would meet a loner like me in this place.”This is an interesting one because you are not sure whether the person is a loner. At the same time, you have made yourself vulnerable by indicating that you are a loner. But that’s exactly why this one will work so well. Ensure the person you are telling this is alone at the time you approach them.If the person is indeed a loner, you will have guessed right. And since you said you are also a loner, you will have struck a chord with them. It will be easy for two loners to talk togeth er. You can even encourage them with some conversation starters then meet later to share your experiences.If it happens that the person is not a loner, then you can offer yourself to learn how to become like them. Ask them directly how they manage to interact easily and before you know it, you are talking.28. “I couldn’t help noticing your deep voice. Do you sing?”Take note that this is more appropriate for use on men. It is also a good thing to tell it to someone you noticed had a deep voice. Compliments will always land you on the soft side of people. Whether you get a “Yes” or a “No” for an answer, you will not struggle to build the conversation from that point.For example, if they sing, you can ask for sample songs and offer to buy an album. If they don’t, you can ask why and make suggestions to encourage them to sing since they have a great voice.29. “I can’t imagine having missed this networking event.”This is a great way of showing that you are enjoying the event and it’s turning out exactly the way you hoped. The person you are directing it to will be feeling the same or otherwise. Whichever way, you two now have somewhere to pick the conversation from.30. “Hi, are you in [the department you work in]? I am hoping to meet a few fellow [people working in that department].”You can use this to make your profession known while waiting to know the other person’s. Be ready to show interest in their profession if it’s different from yours. In any case, isn’t starting a conversation what you really wanted?CONCLUSIONHave these networking conversation starters given you some ideas on how to benefit from the next networking event? Use them and say goodbye to those awkwardly silent moments.

The Civil War and Reconstruction - 1315 Words

Reconstruction The main issue between the states that seceded from the Union and those that remained in the former unity was that of states rights, of which the right for citizens to own slaves was of primary concern. It is often argued that one or the other was the main reason for the conflict, but they both played a major part because the people of the Northern United States and the Southern states of the nation lived such different lives. It is true that people in the North had owned slaves until very recently in the nineteenth century, but that time had passed and Northern states had rescinded the rights of humans to own other humans (especially in the chattel sense because people still had servants who were essentially slaves though they were paid a miniscule wage), as if it ever was a right. The Civil War commenced, and it was found that cause and the better ability to kill (Northern soldiers died at a rate two times that of Southern soldiers), was superseded by industry and in genuity. Since the states in the South had been devastated by the War, it was deemed that the victorious but beneficent North would attempt to reconstruct the South into a more compliant neighbor. Thus, carpet-baggers were sent South to establish some order, and laws were enacted by the US Congress to ensure the rights of all people in the region. This paper discusses the reconstruction of the South while paying specific attention to the political, social and economic realities that came toShow MoreRelatedReconstruction Of The Civil War1108 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica’s Mindset Although the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the Reconstruction brought great hope to America’s four million former slaves, the efforts of Congressional Reconstruction ultimately failed to establish equal rights for the freedmen because the racist mindset still dominated American society at the time and Democratic influence steadily overcame Republican control in Congress. Despite the Union’s victory, the end of the Civil War brought many significant national problemsRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War951 Words   |  4 PagesHistory 11 7 May 2015 Reconstruction In the beginning of 1865, the Civil War came to a close, abandoning over 620,000 dead and a destructive path of devastating all over the south. The North now was confronted with the task of reconstructing the destroyed and aggrieved Confederate states. On April 11, two days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s submission, President Abraham Lincoln delivered his last public address, during which he designated a merciful Reconstruction plans and encouraged sympathyRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War847 Words   |  4 Pages Microtheme One - Reconstruction The Reconstruction happened in period following the end of the American Civil and the main goal was to reintegrate the Southern Confederate States back into the Union after they had been defeated by the Union (Northern States). As would be expected, the process was met with many challenges as the interests of both groups had to be addressed. 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Gender and Power Relations in Browning’s Porphria’s Lover...

Gender and Power Relations in Browning’s Porphria’s Lover and My Last Duchess Robert Browning provides a critical view of gender and power relations in his dramatic monologues â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† and â€Å"My Last Duchess.† The dramatic monologue, as S.S. Curry has written, reveals the struggle in the depths of the soul† (11). Browning delves into the minds of characters to show their conceptions of women and ideas of power. He explores the mental processes of the characters, and invites readers to question societal ideas of power and gender. The mental pathologies of the speakers is emphasized, which forces readers to examine the sanity of their own notions of gender dynamics. In the Victorian age, the idea of separate†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In men, in general, sexual desire is inherent and spontaneous† whereas â€Å"in the other sex, the desire is dormant, if not non-existent, till excited† (457). Greg’s terminology is extremely power-laden. â€Å"Spontaneous† has the connotation of energy and activity, whereas â€Å"dormant† and â€Å"victim† imply inactivity. An important concept is the assumption that men, the â€Å"coarser sex,† act on women, the â€Å"weaker sex† (457). Like prostitutes, the women in â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† and â€Å"My Last Duchess† also violate traditional gender roles. For that reason, the men take it upon themselves to bring the power relation back to that of convention, where men are bearers of power and have control in relationships. The means by which this power reversion is accomplished, however, are subject to examination. Foucault’s theories are helpful in understanding â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover.† In the poem, the male character, who is the narrator, perceives himself to elicit a confession from the woman. Inherent in the idea of confession are power dynamics. Confession is â€Å"...a ritual that unfolds within a power relationship, for one does not confess without the presence (or virtual presence) of a partner who is not simply the interlocutor but the authority who requires the confession...† (Foucault 61). Confession is a socially-constructed process in which it is necessary to have a mediator as well as a confessor. In

Free Radiology Research Study Critique Free Essays

Critique: Research Study Radiology 1. Citation Upton, D. Upton , P. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Radiology Research Study Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2006). Knowledge and Use of Evidence-based practice by allied health and health science professionals in the United Kingdom. Journal of Allied Health, 35:3, 127-133 2. Study Purpose The following critically reviews a paper by Upton and Upton (2006), concerned with clinical effectiveness (CE) and evidence-based practice (EBP) and the differences between them amongst different professional groups. It compares 14 different groups in terms of how they understand and implement CE and EBP. Evidence-based practice is the application by health care professionals of the most appropriate research evidence to clinical situations, taking into account the whole context in which they operate, including the client’s needs (Hoffman et al 2009). Clinical effectiveness, according to the Department of Health (1996) is â€Å"the extent to which specific clinical interventions, when deployed in the field for a particular patient or population, do what they are intended to do† (DoH 1996; cited Hamer and Collinson 2005).Upton and Upton suggest that the differences between these concepts in different fields has, so far, been under researched. 3. Literature Upton and Upton’s literature review is fairly short, and forms part of the introduction. While it might be slightly clearer to separate this out from other areas covered in the introduction, this seems a fairly standard academic practice. The review does not explain what either CE or EBP are, nor of the history of the terms. While this might be superfluous to the paper, and while the author’s might assume the expected audience will be familiar with the terms already, the term, EBP, for example is, to some extent, ambiguous (Roberts and Yeager 2004), and a statement here, rather than later of the definition used would have been welcome. The bulk of the review looks at existing research which explores â€Å"the views and knowledge of health care professionals toward EBP† (Upton and Upton 2006), pointing out that they mainly concern medical practitioners, with fewer looking at others including McCaughan et al (2002) (nurses) and Iqbal and Glenny (2002) (dental practitioners). They discuss the studies which, like theirs, do compare different professions (Palfreyman et al 2004; Metcalfe et al 2001). These find common features and differences between the groups: nurses, for example, rate their EBP abilities lower than physiotherapists. Not only are existing studies, few, their scope is limited and omits key areas of interest. As such the literature review provides a good justification for Upton and Upton’s study, by showing the deficit of existing research. However, as an overview of the concepts of EBP and CE it is less successful. In addition it does not suggest a theoretical model to shape and give depth to the study, for example one which predicts differences between professional groups, like that of Gawlinski and Rutledge (2008), who suggest that different models of EBP meet different needs of differing clinical environments. 4. Approach and Methodology The authors do not explicitly discuss the paradigm under which their research was carried out, and their ‘methodology’ section is only one paragraph. A paradigm is the approach to the research taken by researchers. Johnson and Christensen (2010) suggest that there are three major paradigms, qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods, each of which embraces a set of assumptions about epistemology and the nature of reality. Upton and Upton’s approach is quantitative, empiricist and positivist. Positivism was established by Comte in the early 19th Century, and assumes that the world is objective of human experience, and knowable through our senses.Empiricism is concerned with factual data, and empirical research’s ideal method is the scientific method, whereby clear hypotheses are formulated prior to research and are designed to be tested against empirical evidence. Data is primarily numerical, and outcomes are objective and measurable. This approach contras ts with a qualitative, interpretivist approach, which deals with text, subjectivity and the richness of experience (Tappen 2010). Given that Upton and Upton want to investigate an under-researched area, it is understandable why they used a quantitative approach, as it allows them to investigate a larger data set and draw more generalisable conclusions, and also give scope for assessing statistical significance. However, a qualitative approach would have allowed them to look in more detail at how different types of practitioner experienced EBP and CE, which would have added richness to the study. 5. Sample Again, there is relatively little detail given by the authors here. They tell us that 1000 members of Allied Healthcare Professions (AHP) and Health Science Services (HSS) were selected, and that the sample represents the proportions of each practicing in the UK. While they assure us that ‘specific statistical methods were used to establish sample size’, there is little discussion of what these were or why they were selected over other possible methods. The authors are informative about the response rate (66.6%), and add that most were female, but there are other details about the sample which are not discussed, and which might have been useful to know. For example, how were participants contacted, and what was the wording used to ask them to take part There is potential for bias here, if the method of contact attracted practitioners who had had either predominantly bad or good experiences of EBP or CE. Postal questionnaires were used, and here the authors do discuss alt ernative methods, and give a reasonable justification for their choice. In addition, although the authors discuss gender, it might have been interesting to know more about participants. Was there bias towards older or younger respondents, or towards one or other social class They suggest there is a bias towards women, but as this represents the breakdown between men and women in the occupations overall, this does not seem to present a particular problem. 6. Data Collection Data was collected by questionnaire, distributed by post. The authors used a questionnaire that had already been developed and tested, by Upton and Lewis (1998). Therefore the reliability and validity (whether the questionnaire gives the same results repeatedly, over time, and whether it tests what it sets out to test: Babbie 2008) had already been established. They also distinguish between content and face validity, and confirm that both are good for the questionnaire. Face validity is weaker than content validity, and confirms simply that an instrument seems to measure what it is intended to measure. Content validity covers the â€Å"full domain of the concept† and whether it measures all this domain (Rubin 2011). Upton and Upton give a fairly good breakdown of the content of the questionnaire, dividing their discussion into the sections contained in it, including demographics, respondent knowledge of CE and EBP, the extent to which respondents practice different aspects of CE and EBT, and barriers to implementation of EBP. For each, they explain the ways in which each aspect were assessed using an appropriate instrument.What is missing here is any discussion of why these instruments were selected over alternatives, and whether alternatives exist. Although Upton and Lewis’s (1998) instrument seems well regarded, there are also the ‘Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs Scale’ and ‘Evidence-Based Practice Implementation Scale’s (Melnyk et al 2008), and the ‘Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (Aarons, 2004), for example (Rice et al 2010). The authors give more detail about how participants were contacted here, via a ‘publicity notice’. This might give rise to bias, however, as those who were motivated to take part might well have stronger opinions about EBP and CE and want to express these. Other selection methods might have been considered. There is also no information about the length of time taken to distribute and collect the questionnaires, nor how long the respondents were given to complete them. A longer time might have led to more detailed results, but also to the possibility of other influences effecting responses. Because the questionnaires were distributed by post, there also seems to be little provision for dealing with problems which might be encountered by respondents while completing their forms. 7. Results and Discussion The authors present their results in some detail, using both tables and written presentation, which makes the data easier to understand.Although they mention that the response rate was high, at 66.6%, some more detail about drop out rates would have been welcome here. For example, did the 66.6% represent the proportion of people who completed the full survey, or just a part of the survey? The authors divide the discussion by question type, looking in turn at ‘knowledge of concepts and principles of CE and EBP’, ‘Reported use of EBP’, ‘Acting on evidence from a variety of sources’, and ‘barriers to the application of EBP’. This allows clarity in the discussion. They also explain the details of the results well, with a logical pattern of explanation. For example, they say that overall, knowledge of CE and EBP was low, and then give more detail showing there are clear distinctions between different professions, with more psychologists and physiotherapists rating their knowledge in the ‘high’ category than other professions including podiatrists and speech therapists. The authors also back up the intuitive reading of the results with statistical analyses, and note the drawback that small cell numbers in some cases prevent such a confirmation. For reported use of EBP, there are again differences between the professional groups, with a particular link between frequency with which gaps in knowledge are identified and profession. Other key findings in this, and subsequent sections, are clearly reported. There is a separate table for each sub-section of the questionnaire, and each is clear and easy to read. Because the tables (perhaps because of space constraints) summarise information across both the range of professions and for each aspect rated, it is not immediately obvious which professions are ranked higher for each aspect. Also, the tables summarise the aspects rather than using the verbatim wording, for example â€Å"monitoring own practice† and â€Å"critical analysis†. It might have been interesting to see the actual wording used in the questionnaire. In addition, while statistical information is presented more fully in the text, key information is missing from the tables, for example standard deviation in table 4. Similarly also, the discussion of ‘knowle dge of the concepts and principles of CE and EBP’ includes a description of statistical tests including a one-way analysis of variance, but these results are not presented in the tables. Even though the author’s sample size is relatively high, some cells were so small that certain categories had to be removed from the analysis, for example, orthoptists for ‘reported use of EBP’. This is unfortunate, as it means the full range of professions cannot be assessed for this category. The authors also present a detailed and intelligent discussion of what the results mean.Their conclusions seem to be backed up by the results, for example, their initial claim that there are â€Å"some differences between professional groups in terms of knowledge base and self-reported use of CE and EBP†: this was discussed in the earlier results section. This summary is initially concerned to draw out key themes from the results section. They first suggest that while both HSS and AHP groups have low levels of knowledge, the lowest levels were from professionals from HSS groups. As well as reporting this, they suggest that this is due to the relatively recent introduction of the concept to these professionals, as well as differences in the extent to which each group are involved in day-to-day care of patients.This is interesting, but might the discussion might have had more depth had the differences between HSS and AHP been brought out in more detail during the literature revi ew. They also do not give references for their claims about the differences between HSS and AHP groups, so there is no context for their discussion. However, this is a valuable discussion, as it suggests that part of the problem is the lack of an evidence base for certain professions including radiographers and podiatrists. This insight could be used to generate new practice in these professions.There are similarly useful discussions of other areas of the findings, for example the differences between groups’ ratings of EBP skills. The authors suggest that psychologists, for example, rate their skills higher due to a different emphasis put upon a degree during training. This again throws a useful light upon possible revisions to the way professions are managed. However, Upton and Upton’s discussion here is again marred by lack of reference to any other academic sources. This fruitful area must, surely, have already attracted academic discussion One positive here is tha t Upton and Upton do not simply stick to one possible explanation, but consider others, for example that respondents rating of their skills does not match their actual skill level. Their discussions of other areas, for example application of EBP and barriers to its uptake, also display positive and negative features; bringing out key aspects of the results well, and providing interesting interpretations of these results, but with less referencing and relating the results to other academic research than might be useful. Overall, there could have been a little more discussion of overall themes that arose across sections, for example the need for better management of different professions with more uniform integration of EBP, and improved training in its use. One final, positive point about the results and subsequent discussion is that the authors talk about methodological drawbacks, including those related to postal surveys (respondents may be less honest than with other research methods).They do not, however, consider other possible limitations, for example the lack of any qualitative data, which might have given a richer perspective on what respondents felt emotionally about using EBP and CE. They also do not discuss relationship of the data to any overarching theoretical framework, which might also have added depth to the study. 9. Conclusion and Clinical Implications The author’s conclusion is perhaps rather short. They simply summarise their key finding, that there are ‘very apparent differences in the knowledge and use of CE and EBP by members of the AHP and HSS’, and that there were other, discipline-related, differences. This brevity is somewhat disappointing. They do not consider any practical implications for the research, nor whether it would be appropriate for AHP and HSS members to show equal levels of awareness and use of CE and EBP. Also, they do not make any suggestions for further research, although as they earlier remarked that there is a lack of study in this area, there is a clear need for such research, perhaps investigating differences between professions further, or looking at ways knowlegge and use of CE and EBP can be increased overall. To summarise this paper, a critical analysis of a study by Upton and Upton (2006) has been presented, looking at all aspects of their work from introduction to discussion and conclusion. This is a paper with many interesting and well presented areas, but there are some negative points and areas which could be improved. References Aarons, G A (2004) ‘Mental health provider attitudes toward adoption of evidence based practice: The evidence-based practice attitude scale (EBPAS)’, Mental Health Services Research, 6, 61-74 Babbie, E R (2008) The basics of social research (4th edn.) Cengage Learning, USA. Department of Health (1996) Promoting clinical effectiveness a framework for action in and through the NHS, Department of Health, UK Gawlinski, A and Rutledge, D (2008) ‘Selecting a model for evidence-based practice changes: a practical approach’, AACN Adv Crit Care, 19:3, 291-300. Hamer, S and Collinson, G (2005) Achieving evidence-based practice: a handbook for practitioners (2nd edn.) Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia PA. Hoffman, T, Bennett, S and Del Mar, C (2009) Evidence-Based Practice Across the Health Professions, Elsevier Australia, Australia. Iqbal, A and Glenny A, M (2002) ‘General dental practitioners knowledge of and attitudes towards evidence based practice’, Br Dent J, 193, 587–591 McCaughan, D, Thompson, C, and Cullum, N (2002) ‘Acute care nurses’ perceptions of barriers to using research information in clinical decision- making’, J Adv Nurs 39:46–60. Melnyk, B M, Fineout-Overholt, E, Mays, M Z (2008) ‘The evidence-based practice beliefs and implementation scales: Psychometric properties of two new instruments’, Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 4, 208-216. Metcalfe, CR, Lewin S, and Wisher S (2001) ‘Barriers to implementing the evidence base in four NHS therapies: dieticians, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, speech and language therapists’, Physiotherapy87:433–441. Palfreyman, S, Tod, A and Doyle, J (2004) ‘Comparing evidence-based practice of nurses and physiotherapists’, Br J Nurs, 1:246–253. Rice, K, Hwang, J, Abrefa-Gyan, T and Powel, K (2010) ‘Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis in a Social Work Sample’, Advances in Social Work, 11:2, 158-173 Roberts, A R and Yeager, K (2004) Evidence-based practice manual: research and outcome measures in health and human services, Oxford University Press, Oxon. Rubin, A (2011) Practitioner’s Guide to Using Research for Evidence-Based Practice, John Wiley and Sons, USA Tappen, R (2010) Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice, Jones Bartlett Learning, Sudbury MA Upton, D and Lewis BK (1998) ‘Evidence based practice: a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes and practice’, Br J Ther Rehabil, 5, 647–650 How to cite Free Radiology Research Study Critique, Free Research Paper Samples

The Seven Wonders of the Ansient World free essay sample

15 Oct 2009 Sample Essay: 7 Wonders of the Ancient World Introduction The seven wonders of the ancient world is a list of very important buildings a great Greek historian called Herodotus wrote, over two thousand years ago. They are seven because he only wrote about the greatest structures he knew, he did not know much Asia and the Americas. People have always felt the need to create lists. Lists are accounts of vital places, places, people or events. About two thousand five hundred years ago a Greek historian named Herodotus is said to have made a list of what he thought were the greatest structures in the world. His list of places became known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. A wonder is a feeling created by something strange and amazing. It’s created when one sees or feels something rare and unexpected. Although there are several wonders in the world there are seven which are recognized as being ancient. We will write a custom essay sample on The Seven Wonders of the Ansient World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The great pyramids of Egypt These are the buildings most associated with Egypt. They are found at a place called Giza which is a necropolis of ancient Memphis (Ancient wonders of the world). The pyramid age, which has a life span of over four thousand years, began when buildings began to crop up within the third dynasty under the reigns of Djoser. It is believed the shape symbolized the prehistoric knoll from which they believed life emerged. The bigger sizes of these pyramids symbolize the powers which were vested upon the Pharaohs, the power and success of their country. The hanging gardens of Babylon They are also known as the hanging gardens of Semiramis. It was built by Nebuchadnezzar II in 200 BCE, to please his beloved wife Semiramis. Historically the Garden was 100 feet long by 100 feet wide and built in tiers to resemble a theatre (The seven wonders of the ancient world). There is a big doubt amongst historians and archaeologists if this paradise ever existed. It is believed that this garden was built in the middle of a Mesopotamian desert. The garden was irrigated by the River Euphrates by the use of chain pumps. The statue of Zeus at Olympia This is a seated sculpture of Zeus who was the king of the Greek gods. It measured 39 feet tall. It was made by a great sculptor called Phidias, and erected in the Zeus temple in 432 BC at Olympia. It is made of plated Bronze and Ivory (Romer, John p48). There are many myths to the cause of its destruction; some claim that it was destroyed by the lauseion fire in 475 while others say it burnt with the temple in 425 AD (The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World). The temple of Artemis at Ephesus This is a shrine built by an architect named Theodorus. It was 300 feet in length and 150 feet in height. It was built for the Greek goddess of fertility called Ephesus Artemis. The temple was the pride of Ephesus until one man named Herostratus burnt the temple to the ground. This temple offered a place for worship of this goddess by the Greek. Although it was destroyed its importance made the people build it back severally, although it was finally destroyed in a raid in 262 BC. At the moment place where the building stood is a marshy field. A single column is built to remind tourists its existence as an ancient wonder. The mausoleum at Halicarnassus This is a special tomb built by queen Artemisia as attribute to her husband king Mausolus. Because of its beauty and specialty it became one of the seven ancient wonders. The Colossus of Rhodes After the death of Alexander the great, his generals fought severely to take over this kingdom. Ptolemy, Antigous and Seleucus managed to divide the kingdom among them. Because Ptolemy received much support from the people of the Rhode Island, Antigous became so angry that he sent his son Demetrius to punish the residents of the island. Although Demetrius had a large army, he was defeated by the Rhodians who were smart (Clayton, Peter A. p60). To celebrate their victory, they decided to build a huge statue of the god Helios. It stood over 30 meters high making it one of the tallest statues of the ancient world. The light house of Alexandria This is a tower built in third century, on the Pharos Island in Egypt to serve as the Islands land mark. It is believed it was ruined because of an earthquake in 1303 AD. Conclusion The great pyramids are used for research; this research is carried out to know the history of the ancient Egypt. By studying these pyramids one gets to know the way of life, culture and beliefs of the Egyptian.